Intelligent manufacturing has become famous with national strategies such as Industry 4.0, China Manufacturing 2025, and Industrial Value Chain. It is the main direction of China's manufacturing 2025. However, the understanding of the parties is very different.
Intelligence, the essence is the induction, cognition and application of all life systems to the laws of nature, thereby optimizing the allocation of resources. Human intelligence is the highest representative of all kinds of intelligence. This is a profound essence of human beings. The ability of all kinds of man-made systems (such as machines and equipment) to imitate, expand or even surpass human intelligence can be called intelligent systems. "Smart XX" such as intelligent production, smart devices, smart products, smart materials, intelligent hardware, etc., are all a subset of intelligent systems.
The history of intelligent manufacturing originated from the relationship between machines and people. The performance of the early machines was unspeakable, and it was difficult for people to control the full state of the machine. In the era when the machine is not intelligent, it can only be compensated by the intelligence of the human being, and solved by the way of "people in the loop".
The early "intelligent manufacturing" was the concept of "Intelligent Manufacturing System (IMS)" formed in the 1990s. It is a human-machine integrated intelligent system composed of intelligent machines and human experts. It is more simply called As an "expert system." This was the product of the second rise of artificial intelligence (AI) in the information field in the late 1980s.
This definition is based on pure AI. From the perspective of the industry at the time, there is not much integration with manufacturing. At that time, the "intelligence" that the AI ​​community expected was realized by the "Agent" (also translated as "smart agent"), and the definition of the agent has not been unified in the AI ​​world. In addition to the similarity in terms of nouns, in fact, the connotation of the "intelligent manufacturing system" of the 1990s, and the connotation of today's "intelligent manufacturing", in terms of intelligence, manufacturing, integration and sharing of resources, data There is a clear difference in the volume.
For example, the “smart†that is commonly discussed at present can be defined as the sum of industrial intelligence, artificial intelligence and other kinds of intelligence, which has universal significance. Artificial intelligence generated based on computer information science cannot represent the industrial intelligence generated by industrial technology, nor can it represent the CPS intelligence generated by the cross-border integration of industry and information technology (smart, which should be translated as “smartâ€). Industrial intelligence that has been widely used in industry in the past and has been supporting industrial development for centuries is based on scientific effects. Today, the CPS intelligence that comes with Industry 4.0 will be the mainstream intelligent technology for industrial intelligence in the next 10 years.
Therefore, intelligent manufacturing has a certain connection with its intelligent meaning and early artificial intelligence, but it also has obvious boundaries and cannot be simply crossed or equivalent. It takes a long time for artificial intelligence to enter the manufacturing industry to become the mainstream intelligent technology and form a new generation of paradigm intelligent manufacturing.
Intelligent manufacturing is inseparable from the construction of a wide range of intelligent systems, from smart products to intelligent production lines, from intelligent logistics to intelligent services, from intelligent organizations to smart enterprises.
Analogous to the cognitive and decision-making processes of the human brain, intelligent systems have five distinct steps: state perception, real-time analysis, self-determination, precision execution, and learning improvement. The experts group of AVIC Ning Zhenbo and other experts summarized the first 16 characters of the five characteristics. Innocent Sheng Company Zhao Min added the last four words, thus forming a complete intelligent closed loop. The intelligent closed loop can be used as a "two cross rumor" to identify the characteristics of the intelligent system.
Figure | Five characteristics of intelligent systems
Intelligent manufacturing "20-word rumor" maximizes cross-border integration of all intelligent systems, and clearly draws a larger category, that is, intelligence is not only derived from artificial intelligence in the information field, but also includes sources. Industrial intelligence and other types of intelligence in the industrial sector.
In the "20-word rumor", in addition to "state awareness" and "precise execution", other steps require computational function intervention. Obviously, this requires a computing kernel that requires sophisticated cyber technology to implement. Therefore, one of the core technologies for intelligent manufacturing is "CPS (cybo physics system)."
The basic logic for implementing CPS is to embed knowledge and algorithms in software, embed software into hardware, and embed hardware into physical systems, thereby forming a diverse but logically consistent CPS system. Intelligence has rich connotation and multi-channel implementation, while CPS is an important technology enabling system that applies human proven knowledge, algorithms and rules to the manufacturing field in the form of digital knowledge.
There is no doubt that digitalization is the foundation of smart manufacturing. Without digitization, there is no constant intelligent system based on cyber and an open intelligent system with learning ability. Without the support of various digital infrastructures, the digital world in CPS is unable to function properly as its intelligent “enablementâ€.
The so-called digital device is a general term for various digital software, hardware, and network equipment. The large-scale application of digitization in the industry began with early computer-aided design CAD and manufacturing CAM. Digitalization provides a powerful means of research and development for product definition and modification. For example, the Boeing 777 built by Boeing for four and a half years is much better than the Boeing 747 that has been built for 24 years. Digital research and development is a key facility, and digital hygiene is a must. .
Digitize everything that can be digitized. Whether it is the digitization of research and development methods, the digitization of service models, or the digitization of products themselves.
Almost at the same time, it is networked: everything that the network can connect with. Digitalization and networking are mutually reinforcing, realizing the ubiquity of the network and creating a good digital infrastructure. The next step is to achieve a free, smooth, and orderly flow of data.
However, smart manufacturing still requires more complex factors to achieve the liberation and flow of data.
This is the third feature of smart manufacturing: ubiquitous knowledge on demand. Data is the carrier of knowledge, but not all data has the value of knowledge. Recombination of the digital world can only be achieved with the knowledge of software. And in the future, in addition to human knowledge, intelligent systems in Cyberspace can automatically generate knowledge, and big data analysis can also generate knowledge. This is the future scenario of the automation of knowledge work defined by McKinsey, which is the three-body The era of "great knowledge" described in the Intelligent Revolution. Knowledge is everywhere, always guiding people to do the right things in the right way at the right time, in the right place, and making all physical entities precise and controllable. Ubiquitous knowledge, like water, gas and electricity, will be one of the fundamental elements in maintaining the functioning of a smart society.
After digitization, networking, and knowledge realization, self-organization will bring a profound and lasting and irreversible impact on the traditional enterprise form, breaking the corporate boundaries and organizational forms that have remained unchanged for nearly three hundred years since the industrial revolution. The change in production relations will lead to a new industrial revolution in the industrial sector.
The supporting logic behind self-organization is "socialization" and "circle." At its core, the social network of mobile internet makes the relationship between people digital, not analog. Just like the disappearing yellow pages of the phone, the relationship between people is connecting with various accounts. Human-to-human interaction has in fact become an interaction between digital IDs and digital IDs. This is the digital character of interpersonal relationships. This means that people's access to the world has shifted from a physical and material-based perspective to a digital information and knowledge-based perspective.
In the process of exchanging knowledge, people have produced a large amount of fragmented knowledge and fragmented exchange of ideas, which often triggers some insights and innovative knowledge that cannot be produced in a closed environment. For China's manufacturing, this is an important source of knowledge to promote the development of intelligent manufacturing. And the potential of this new source is still on the eve of the outbreak. It is a matter of time before this knowledge is transferred to the Industrial Internet APP.
Many future work models are foreseen today: people can freely decentralize their work, completely changing the management model of the factory and even the management model of the urban community; the ownership and use rights of equipment such as machine instruments can be completely separated, with processing capability or measurement capability. The way is open to the public, people can use the machine when they are open to the public; people can join the online/offline circle according to their own interests and work in the form of self-organization. In the United States, about 34% of workers are now freelance. The total number is 53 million. They don't belong to any business, they belong to a few professional "circles" that they are interested in.
Deep changes brought about by intelligent manufacturing Intelligent manufacturing needs to solve two major uncertainties: one is to fully meet the growing personal needs of customers with uncertainty; the second is the complexity of the product itself, such as internal management, external supply chain coordination, production process, The process of use is full of high uncertainty.
Digitalization, networking, knowledge and self-organization, as an important core of intelligent manufacturing, will lead to profound changes in manufacturing:
☆ Digitalization increases the flexibility of the product or machine;
☆ Networking has dismantled the limitations of time and space, and the information brought about by it has eliminated most intermediate links;
☆ Knowledge makes the industrial technology system extend from people to machines, so that equipment and human knowledge can be perfectly unified in the digital world;
☆ Self-organization has broken the original rigid corporate boundaries, greatly reduced the high barriers of knowledge, and reduced the difficulty of knowledge migration, thus providing a new management support for flexible organization and group wisdom.
All of this ultimately points to the intelligence, with as much data flow and as little cost as possible to meet the needs of personalized customization, thus laying the glory of intelligent manufacturing.
Intelligent Mechanism: State Awareness - Real-Time Analysis - Autonomous Decision - Precision Execution - Learning Enhancement Operational Objects: Data (Digital Carrier of Information and Knowledge)
Enable: Algorithms, rules, and knowledge in software form a "software definition"
Essence: Data flows automatically, and knowledge is ubiquitous due to automatic flow. Purpose: Eliminate the uncertainty of complex systems. Constraints: Work scenarios with given time: Value: Optimize configuration of manufacturing resources, maximize value
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