The source is an important material basis for the survival and development of human society. Throughout the history of the development of human society, every major progress in human civilization is accompanied by the improvement and replacement of energy. The development and utilization of energy has greatly promoted the development of the world economy and human society.
Over the past 100 years, developed countries have completed industrialization and consumed a large amount of natural resources on the earth, especially energy resources. At present, some developing countries are entering the stage of industrialization, and the increase in energy consumption is an objective necessity of economic and social development.
China is the largest developing country in the world today. Developing the economy and getting rid of poverty is the main task of the Chinese government and the Chinese people for a long period of time. Since the late 1970s, China, as the fastest-growing developing country in the world, has achieved remarkable achievements in economic and social development, successfully opened up the socialist road with Chinese characteristics, and made significant contributions to the development and prosperity of the world. .
China is currently the second energy producer and consumer in the world. The continuous growth of energy supply has provided important support for economic and social development. The rapid growth of energy consumption has created a broad space for development in the world energy market. China has become an indispensable part of the world's energy market and is playing an increasingly important and positive role in maintaining global energy security.
The Chinese government is taking the scientific development concept as a guide, accelerating the development of the modern energy industry, adhering to the basic national policy of conserving resources and protecting the environment, and placing a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society in a prominent position in the industrialization and modernization development strategy. Continue to develop capabilities, build an innovative country, and continue to make greater contributions to world economic development and prosperity.
First, the status quo of energy development
Energy resources are the foundation of energy development Since the founding of new China, the energy resources exploration has been continuously strengthened, and several resource evaluations have been organized. China's energy resources have the following characteristics:
-- The total amount of energy resources is relatively abundant. China has a wealth of fossil energy resources. Among them, coal dominates. In 2006, the coal reserves amounted to 1,33.5 billion tons, and the remaining proven recoverable reserves accounted for 13% of the world's total, ranking third in the world. The proven reserves of oil and natural gas resources are relatively insufficient, and the reserves of unconventional fossil energy such as oil shale and coalbed methane have great potential. China has abundant renewable energy resources. The theoretical reserves of hydraulic resources are equivalent to an annual power generation of 6.19 trillion kWh, and the economically developable annual power generation is about 1.76 trillion kWh, equivalent to 12% of the world's hydropower resources, ranking first in the world.
-- The per capita energy resources are low. China has a large population and its per capita energy resources are at a low level in the world. The per capita possession of coal and water resources is equivalent to 50% of the world average. The per capita resources of oil and natural gas are only about 1/15 of the world average. The cultivated land resources are less than 30% of the world's per capita level, which restricts the development of biomass energy.
-- The distribution of energy resources is uneven. China's energy resources are widely distributed but not balanced. Coal resources are mainly distributed in North China and Northwest China. The hydraulic resources are mainly distributed in the southwestern region. The oil and natural gas resources are mainly distributed in the eastern, central and western regions and sea areas. China's major energy-consuming regions are concentrated in economically developed areas along the southeast coast, and there are significant differences in the areas of resource occurrence and energy consumption. Large-scale, long-distance North Coal South Transportation, North Oil South Transportation, West-East Gas Transmission, and West-East Power Transmission are the distinctive features of China's energy flow and the basic pattern of energy transportation.
——Energy resource development is difficult. Compared with the world, China's coal resources geological mining conditions are poor, most of the reserves need to be mined, and a small amount can be used for open pit mining. The oil and gas resources have complex geological conditions, deep burial, and high requirements for exploration and development. Undeveloped water resources are concentrated in the deep valleys of the southwest, far away from the load center, and the development difficulty and cost are large. Unconventional energy resources have low levels of exploration, poor economics, and lack of competitiveness.
Since the reform and opening up, China's energy industry has developed rapidly and has made important contributions to ensuring the sustained and rapid development of the national economy.
-- The supply capacity has improved significantly. After decades of efforts, China has initially formed an energy supply pattern with coal as the mainstay, electricity as the center, oil and natural gas and renewable energy in an all-round way, and basically established a relatively complete energy supply system. A number of super-large coal mines of 10 million tons have been built. In 2006, the total primary energy production volume was 2.21 billion tons of standard coal, ranking second in the world. Among them, the output of raw coal is 2.37 billion tons, ranking first in the world. It has successively built several large-scale oil production bases such as Daqing, Shengli, Liaohe and Tarim. In 2006, the output of crude oil reached 185 million tons, achieving steady growth, ranking fifth in the world. Natural gas production increased rapidly, from 14.3 billion cubic meters in 1980 to 58.6 billion cubic meters in 2006. The proportion of commercial renewable energy in the primary energy structure has gradually increased. Electricity has developed rapidly, with installed capacity and power generation reaching 622 million kilowatts and 2.87 trillion kilowatt hours respectively, ranking second in the world. The energy comprehensive transportation system developed rapidly and the transportation capacity was significantly enhanced. The West Coal East Transportation Railway Line and the port terminal were built, and the North Oil South Transportation Pipeline Network was formed. The West-East Gas Transmission Line was built, and the West-East Power Transmission and Regional grid interconnection.
——The energy saving effect is remarkable. From 1980 to 2006, China's energy consumption supported an average annual growth rate of 9.8% in the national economy with an average annual growth rate of 5.6%. According to the constant price in 2005, the energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP fell from 3.39 tons of standard coal in 1980 to 1.21 tons of standard coal in 2006, with an average annual energy saving rate of 3.9%, which reversed the energy consumption per unit of GDP in recent years. Consumption is rising. The overall efficiency of energy processing, conversion, storage and transportation and terminal utilization was 33%, an increase of 8 percentage points over 1980. The energy consumption per unit of product has dropped significantly. The gap between the comprehensive energy consumption of steel, cement and large-scale synthetic ammonia and the coal consumption of power supply and the international advanced level has been shrinking.
- The consumption structure has been optimized. China's energy consumption has already ranked second in the world. In 2006, the total primary energy consumption was 2.46 billion tons of standard coal. China attaches great importance to optimizing the energy consumption structure. The proportion of coal in primary energy consumption has dropped from 72.2% in 1980 to 69.4% in 2006, and the proportion of Other energy sources has increased from 27.8% to 30.6%. Among them, the proportion of renewable energy and nuclear power increased from 4.0% to 7.2%, and oil and natural gas increased. The optimization trend of terminal energy consumption structure is obvious. The proportion of coal energy converted into electric energy has increased from 20.7% to 49.6%. The proportion of commodity energy and clean energy in residential energy consumption has increased significantly.
-- The level of science and technology has increased rapidly. China's energy science and technology has made remarkable achievements, and the basic research results marked by "the theory and application of land-based oil" have greatly promoted the development of petroleum geology science and technology theory. The oil and gas industry has formed a relatively complete exploration and development technology system, especially the technology of complex block exploration and development, and enhanced oil recovery. The coal industry has built a number of large-scale mines with international advanced level, and the comprehensive mechanization degree of coal mining in key coal mines has been significantly improved. In the power industry, advanced power generation technology and large-capacity high-parameter units have been widely used. Hydropower station design, engineering technology and equipment manufacturing technologies have reached the world's advanced level. Nuclear power has initially possessed the capability of independent design and engineering construction of a million kilowatt-scale pressurized water reactor. Major breakthroughs have been made in the research and development of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors and fast neutron breeder reactors. Pollution control such as flue gas desulfurization and renewable energy development and utilization technologies are rapidly increasing. The demonstration projects of positive and negative 500 kV DC and 750 kV AC transmission have been completed and put into operation. The pilot project of positive and negative 800 kV DC and 1000 kV UHV transmission test began.
-- Progress in environmental protection. The Chinese government attaches great importance to environmental protection, and strengthening environmental protection has become a basic national policy. The environmental awareness of all sectors of society has generally improved. After the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, the Chinese organization formulated the "China's Agenda 21" and comprehensively applied environmental and economic means to comprehensively strengthen environmental protection and made positive progress. China's energy policy also takes environmental damage and environmental pollution caused by the reduction and effective management of energy development and utilization as its main content. In 2006, the installation rate of dust removal facilities and the discharge rate of wastewater discharge of coal-fired units reached nearly 100%, and the total amount of soot emissions was basically the same as that of 1980, and the emission of soot per unit of electricity was reduced by 90%. In 2006, the capacity of desulfurized thermal motor assembly machines built and put into operation in the country reached 104 million kilowatts, more than the sum of the previous 10 years. The proportion of thermal power units equipped with desulfurization facilities in the total installed capacity of thermal power increased from 2% in 2000 to 30%.
-- The market environment has gradually improved. China's energy market environment has gradually improved, and the energy industry reform has steadily advanced. A breakthrough in the restructuring of energy companies and the establishment of a modern enterprise system. The investment entities have diversified, energy investment has grown rapidly, and the market scale has continued to expand. The production and circulation of the coal industry has basically achieved marketization. The power industry has realized the separation of government and enterprises, the separation of factories and networks, and the establishment of regulatory agencies. The oil and gas industry has basically realized the integration of upstream and downstream and domestic and foreign trade. Energy price reforms have continued to deepen and the price mechanism has continued to improve.
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