According to foreign media reports, China has made considerable progress in the area of ​​automotive electrification, and electric vehicle sales are booming. Last year, consumers purchased more than 300,000 electric vehicles. It is estimated that more than 5 million electric vehicles will be on the road by 2020. The Chinese government has just announced a series of bold plans for a large new battery plant.
The media said that although the above information is encouraging, reducing the use of traditional cars and trucks will not immediately reduce China's carbon emissions. On the contrary, the production and development of electric vehicles in China actually generate more greenhouse gases and consume more energy. In the short term, China’s measures may increase greenhouse gas emissions rather than decline.
Electric vehicles seem to be environmentally friendly, they are lightweight, energy efficient, and may be more environmentally friendly than traditional cars. But the reality is actually more complicated. Electric vehicle manufacturing requires the intensive exploitation of rare elements, such as the lithium needed for batteries. Fuel efficiency can be compensated during use, but only if electricity is produced in a relatively clean manner.
The media said that developed countries are suitable for the use of electric vehicles because these countries tend to use cleaner ways to generate electricity. It is estimated that the evacuation of U.S. electric vehicles during their life cycle is only half that of ordinary cars. This is especially true in the western, southern and northeastern United States, where power plants can produce more renewable energy. A comprehensive energy model being developed at the Argonne National Laboratory in the United States also yielded similar estimates.
Europe has done a good job in this area. Norwegian researchers have found that EVs have at least a 10% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions during the manufacture, use, and final disposal of a range of electric and conventional vehicles (assuming that electric vehicles travel 150,000 kilometers). To be sure, the other environmental costs of electric vehicle batteries are related to the mining of rare metals. But in terms of carbon emissions, electric cars are the winners.
The media said that the real challenge of reducing greenhouse gas emissions will exist in developing countries, especially China. In the coming decades, China is likely to dominate the global automotive market. Unfortunately, China’s industrial economic structure will make it more difficult. According to a recent study by a Chinese engineer, EVs generate 50% more GHG emissions and total energy consumption during their life cycle than ordinary cars. Among them, lithium-ion battery manufacturing accounted for only 13% of energy consumption, accounting for 20% of emissions.
The most promising way to improve electric vehicles is not related to electric vehicles themselves, and energy infrastructure is more important. In China, electricity production still relies heavily on high-carbon energy, including coal. As a result, battery manufacturing and vehicle operation produce more pollution. China's renewable resource recovery industry is also undeveloped. The recovery rate of U.S. steel is about 70%, compared with 11% in China.
Only by deepening the transformation of renewable energy and improving efficiency can electric vehicles help China reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
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