(Original title: The Rise Of The Robots: What The Future Holds For The World's Armies)
Netease Technology News June 15 news, according to Fastcopany reports, simply from the perspective of science fiction, military robots seem to be a bad idea. From “The Terminator†to “The Matrix,†pop culture is full of stories of powerful machines ripping through, and they are always trying to shake off the makers’ control and defeat any force that tries to stop them. As early as the 1920s, the Czech writer Karel Capek first proposed the word robot in the drama "Rossum's Universal Robots" and predicted humans. Fate will end in the hands of artificial life.
Despite these warnings, land, air, and sea robots continue to emerge from science fiction and become a standard part of modern arsenals. Now even some people are seriously discussing the development of killer robots and drones. They can not only think independently, Even communicate with each other.
Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2011, the US military has deployed tens of thousands of remote-controlled robots. In the Middle East, drones have become a common combat weapon. The unmanned land vehicles have helped the U.S. military to safely destroy a large number of roadside bombs in Iraq and Afghanistan. Underwater drones were used to collect scientific and reconnaissance data and help eliminate mines.
Other national armies and various armed groups are also developing their own combat robots. By developing offensive and defensive robotics, it is likely to trigger a similar Cold War-style arms race. Supporters believe that military robots will save more lives than life-threatening, such as those that have been applied to practice.
National armies are beginning to integrate, including considering when and how to apply more and more autonomous robots to various military operations. However, similar to civilian automated trucks, tractors or forklifts, they also face the same problems of safety and effectiveness. Leaders around the world are also actively considering whether robots should be allowed to fire or activate other weapons without the express orders issued by humans. Therefore, killing machines like the Terminator may not be as far away as fulfilling missions.
Robots from Anderwa Robot Company
Drone War
The US military's robot program is equally worrying. On October 7, 2001, one month after the 9/11 terrorist attacks, robots demonstrated for the first time that it was a deadly weapon. When the war broke out in Afghanistan, a predator drone named MQ-1 launched a deadly air raid for the first time. This drone has now become an important symbol of the Washington National Air and Space Museum.
Following the initial success of Dr. George W. Bush's use of drones, the use of predators and larger reapers drones has increased rapidly. Bush Bush’s successor, Barack Obama, also strongly supports the use of drones to further expand its number. Micah Zenko, a senior fellow in the study of diplomatic relations, estimates that Obama’s authorized drone attack has reached 506 times, and Bush authorized less than 50 times.
Critics have said that it is hard to be foolproof to control drones remotely by operators hundreds or thousands of kilometers away. The accidental attacks on weddings and other civilian assemblies have become commonplace and have become one of the biggest problems for drone projects. In his 2013 speech, Obama said that using drones to attack terrorists is still the best solution. He said: “Compared with drones, the traditional air force or missiles are less accurate and may cause more civilian casualties and more local anger. These acts of invasion territory make us be regarded as occupying the army and will produce many Unexpected and uncontrollable consequences, which in turn caused a large number of civilian casualties, leading to increased violent conflict."
In 2013, US Senator Lindsey Graham estimated that about 4,700 people died in U.S. drone attacks. He said: "Sometimes you will attack innocent people. I hate it. But we are in a war. We have killed many senior al-Qaeda members." Donald Trump's head after taking office as president For several months, the CIA continued to authorize more drone attacks. During the election last year, he even advocated the use of predator drones for border patrols.
According to estimates by the New America Foundation, a think-tank in the United States, the U.S. is facing increasing threat from drones equipped with drones. Now 86 countries have some type of drones, including 19 that have owned or are acquiring armed drone technology. country. The Foundation reported that: “In 2011, the study found that around 680 active UAV development projects were conducted by governments, companies and research institutes across the world, compared with only 195 six years ago.†Terrorist organizations are also concerned about this air technology. :IS uses commercial and custom drones for surveillance and recently even put bombs on Iraqi troops.
Reaper drone
Ground robot
In Iraq and Afghanistan, roadside bombs and improvised explosive devices have caused thousands of U.S. soldiers to be disabled or killed. Unmanned ground vehicles can help dismantle them. Ground robots have shown great potential to save lives. Peter Singer, a strategist at the New America Foundation and author of "Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Centur," writes in 2009, deploys The number of military ground robots in Iraq was approximately 150 at the end of 2004 and increased to approximately 12,000 four years later.
The US military spokesman Dov Schwartz acknowledged: "As many as 1,000 unmanned ground vehicles have been blown up in Iraq and Afghanistan, but they have saved countless lives." Early in 2002, similar tanks. The portable remote-controlled car PackBots was deployed in Afghanistan to help search for trapped caves and hidden enemies. At the time, these machines were manufactured by iRobot, a spin-off company of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and based on automatic floor washers such as Roomba and Braava. The company’s military division was spun off last year to form Endeavor Robotics, a Massachusetts-based company.
PackBot: EOD technicians use remote-controlled machines to help detect and disassemble improvised explosive devices
PackBot proved to be very popular among frontline troops. An army colonel said in 2003 that changing robots was clearly more cost-effective than losing soldiers. iRobot has introduced a new model that can be dismantled to remove bombs and respond to ambushes. It can also be used for reconnaissance and disposal of bombs. Sean Bielat, CEO of Endeavor Robotics, said: “In the coordination with customers and end users, we are constantly learning because they always know what they need more than we think. We always need this iterative process: give the device to them, they provide feedback, and then we redesign and eventually help them to complete the task."
In 2005, PackBot became the first robot to ring the clock on the Nasdaq Stock Exchange, heralding iRobot’s $72 million IPO event. By 2012, iRobot announced that it had sold more than 5,000 robots to defense agencies and police agencies, including PackBot, a superfighter capable of carrying 68 kilograms of weight, and FirstLook, which weighed only 2.3 kilograms. Among them, FirstLook belongs to robots that are often referred to as "heterogeneous" because they can be thrown into hard-to-see places or rolled off the car or even thrown into buildings to check for potential threats.
Mack Traynor, chief executive officer and president of ReconRobotics, which supplies equipment for the military and law enforcement agencies, said: "The military will use robots to reconnaissance roads, to lower culverts, and to enter narrow places. The Marine Corps told me that when he was assigned to perform a mission, he was responsible for the biggest guy in the company. What he had to do was to throw it as far as possible."
The LCS-2 (LCS-2) is deploying a remote multi-mission vehicle (RMMV) to test the ship's mine reversal mission package (MCM)
Submarine robot
Similarly, the US Navy has been using robots to locate mines. In 2003, a torpedo-shaped unmanned submarine known as the Remote Environmental Monitoring Unit (REMUS) was first used to find mines around the Iraqi port city of Umm Qasr. These devices help sailors discover dozens of suspicious objects under the surface.
As reconnaissance tools, these robots have proven to be very valuable over the past few decades, including helping to find the Titanic's wreckage in 1985. They are also used to find the "black box" of shipwrecks and crashed planes. In 1999, the US Navy underwater drone Deep Drone succeeded in finding a flight data recorder for Egypt flights near Nantucket.
But so far, anti-silk drones have mostly failed people's expectations. The so-called Remote Mine Hunting System (RMS) was formally cancelled last year because the former Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman John McCain issued a rigorous report saying that the system had spent 706 million yuan. The dollar, which took 16 years to develop, has still not provided any help. McCain wrote: "Simply put, although RMS's overall expenditure is only slightly higher than originally planned, it only produces half of the systems, which means that it exceeds twice the unit cost and it takes twice as much. It's time to solve this problem. And, it doesn't work."
What is controversial is that the Navy has been using well-trained dolphins and sea lions to find mines. Officials said that once they prove that the machines are competent for these jobs, they plan to implement plans to eliminate marine mammals. In November 2016, the U.S. Department of Defense’s General Prosecutor’s Office warned that the planned machine, named Knifefish, could be deployed in shallow water and cooperated with the Navy’s newly developed Littoral Combat Ship. However, they may not be available in 2017. Knifefish is an important part of the United States Navy's plan to eliminate dolphins and other animals.
Robot Revolution
The revolution in military robots still has many areas for improvement. As the Pentagon changed from a fast wartime acquisition to a long-term robotics project, it faced many challenges. These challenges are similar to ordinary science and technology projects, rather than as terror as described in science fiction. For example, it needs to ensure that devices from different vendors are well-compatible, and it also needs to figure out which new tools will make operations safer and more efficient.
The 25-year roadmap released in 2013 emphasizes that it is important to ensure that robots can share data and collaborate with each other in the future. The program requires robots to use a standardized interface so that robots can use additional hardware such as sensors and tools from other manufacturers, just as computers from different manufacturers can communicate with the same USB device. The report warned that “Upgrading existing proprietary components may be expensive and logistically infeasible because the entire platform may need to be replaced. This closed development approach leads to many unfavorable features and hinders progress. The application of technology and the adoption of new capabilities."
Schwartz revealed that the US Army launched the procurement process of two standard modular robotic platforms last year, and preliminary calculations require the purchase of approximately 4,400 devices. Their goal is to eventually be able to purchase compatible hardware from different vendors, such as radiation sensors and robotic arms, without having to replace the body and simply keep the parts updated.
This practice has been appreciated by at least some contractors, which will enable them to concentrate on specialized areas of knowledge. Lincoln Hudson, Northrop Grumman's director of ground forces and protective systems, said: "As a mobility provider, we can really focus on what makes certain platforms capable of doing other things. And you don't have to keep up with the latest technology, such as cameras."
Drone
In addition to interoperability issues, agencies such as the Department of Defense and the Department of Homeland Security are increasingly investing in technologies that track down and shoot down enemy drones, from radio interference, hacking tools, to shotguns, and trapping nets. Experts fear that drones could be used to launch terrorist attacks on the United States. Kent Ho, co-founder and partner of Spectrum 28, a venture capital firm, said: “Obviously, drones are the perfect weapon to provide similar biological agents.â€
Ultimately, future drone technology may trigger a new round of arms races. Drone developers are designing more advanced machines that can repel or evade enemy drone attacks. Dan Gettinger, director of the drone research center under Bard College, said that so far there has been no urgent demand for U.S. aircraft in the UAV sector, largely because there are no air threats. He said: "Predators, reapers and similar Greyhawk drones are not designed for air-to-air combat." They are flying over Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, Somalia and Yemen, where there is no air to air. Operational requirements or air defense threats. â€
General Atomics Grey Hawk UAV
Will robots come alive?
Compared with similar robots of today, future generations of military robots will almost certainly have more autonomy than they have, but will they be able to make decisions that affect human life and death? Sean Bielat, CEO of Endeavor Robotics, said: "I can't imagine the situation. You absolutely don't want robots that can decide to harm humans."
But others are imagining this possibility while sounding alarms, including the Vatican. Former Vatican representative to the United Nations and archbishop Silvano Tomasi once stated at relevant meetings in 2015 that these devices helped to increase the power gap between rich and poor countries. He said: "Another important aspect that we need to pay attention to is the charm of armed robots and the sense of power they generate. Their use may give people the feeling of 'all-powerfulness' rather than just legitimate defense."
When the robot is in a supporting role, the autonomous argument is the strongest. At that time and when marking on the map, ground robots can predictably prepare supplies and navigate through difficult terrain. Dan Gettinger, director of the drone research center under Bard College, said that in an ideal situation, they are also reliable enough to co-operate with the troops without the need for troops to pay special attention to them. He said: "If you want the robot to carry all the equipment, and do not want anyone to control the robot at any time, this will only add extra complexity."
Unmanned hard-shell inflatable boats are sailing autonomously
Automated ships and submarines will be able to perform increasingly complex maneuvers and coordination with other robots, even when they are out of contact with human commanders. The surface ships recently demonstrated by the United States Naval Research Institute show that they can collectively attack targets and in the future can even be used for port defenses. David Smalley, a spokesperson for the Naval Research Institute, said: “In the demonstration, the unmanned fleet conducted patrols in large open waters. When the unknown ships entered the area, these unmanned vessels decided to cooperate. Which patrol can approach the unknown ship as quickly as possible and classify it as harmless or suspicious. They can also assist other vessels in tracking unknown ships, while other ships continue to patrol the area."
Similar ships can also patrol dangerous areas or monitor wider sea areas. To a large extent, this is cheaper than manned vessels. Robert Brizzolara, project officer of the United States Naval Research Office, said: "If we can use an unmanned boat to replace a manned vessel into a minefield, this will be a huge advantage."
The spokesman of the Navy's unmanned system command, Kara Yingling, pointed out that naval robots, especially those operating underwater, need to have more autonomy than drones or terrestrial robots because they are easier. Loss of contact with human operators. “The situational awareness of UUVs requires a certain degree of autonomy, which is different from existing unmanned systems. If pilots are remotely piloted, drones (UAVs) still give people a sense of control. UUV is unlikely to remain in contact with humans throughout the underwater communication loop."
Some autonomous air drones may fly in large numbers. They need to be faster than humans give turn instructions, make group decisions based on their environment, and change their formation. Dean of the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Engineering and Vijay Kumar, who is known as the father of aerial robots, said: “If you ask me to protect the buildings, I might say that the building is too big and I’m going to hire me. friend."
Prox Dynamics Micro-drone
Become a Terminator?
In the public’s panic over “killer robots†rampant or automatic spy drones patrolling the city, the US and other countries’ military forces are very cautious about the degree of autonomy of military robots. Billard of Endeavor Robotics said: "Autonomous technology has been ahead of the customer's needs. We are working closely with our customers to see what works best for them."
This is partly because people are essentially reluctant to introduce new, complex, potentially dangerous machines. Billat said: "Any autonomous functions introduced must be aimed at reducing potential harm." Commanders may be more inclined to bring self-navigation robots into the battlefield, provided that they are built more on civilian life. . Billard said: "I think that through Google or Uber's driverless cars, or Tesla's automatic driving mode, our society will become more accustomed to machine autonomy, and military customers will become more Comfortable."
However, military leaders are also wary of so-called "all-autonomous weapons": robots can choose targets, aim and shoot without human intervention. These devices have also become possible, and not just in the United States. The BBC reported in 2015 that Korean weapon manufacturers have developed machine gun turrets and deployed them in the Middle East. These devices can issue verbal warnings to intruders and issue clear human orders. Its initial version may decide on its own whether to fire. But so far, customers have always insisted that these products will only be fired with human permission.
Researchers in this field often divide the system into two types. The first is “humans in the loop†or “humans on the loopâ€. The former needs human selection each The target, while the latter has the robot choose the target and fire, but humans have the absolute power to stop it. The second is “humans out of the loopâ€. Humans lack the authority to control the machine, perhaps because the robot is beyond the effective distance of communication.
So far, when it comes to robots firing like fire in most cases, high-ranking U.S. military officials have been trying to keep people in the loop. The US military stated in its strategy paper released in March: "The military strives to maintain artificial control over all autonomous systems, and this is achieved mainly by ensuring that current and future 'people are in the loop' state."
This is in line with 2012's rules laid down by Defense Secretary Ash Carter for autonomous weapons. Carter ordered a rigorous test of the robot and he must firmly resist hacking attacks. He also specifically requested that semi-autonomous robots not allow the selection of new targets, even if they could not communicate with humans. Robots that are being watched can choose non-human targets, such as incoming missiles or other robots, and common sense intercepts or launches saturation attacks in time. Fully autonomous robots are limited to launching "non-lethal, non-kinetic" attacks on material objects, such as certain forms of electric shocks. Paul Scharre, director of the Future War Planner Division of the New American Security Center under the US think-tank, and senior researcher Paul Scharre, said that in practice, automated devices such as airborne radar jammers can be attacked.
At least 19 countries and international organizations, including Human Rights Watch, have called for an international ban on the development and deployment of autonomous deadly robots, which may be similar to the restrictions on undetectable mines and blinding laser weapons. In 2012, a number of non-governmental organizations launched what they call the “ban on killing robots.†The United Nations also held a series of international conferences on this issue.
Russian President Vladimir Putin recently stated that he is very interested in advancing the country’s military autonomy technology, and Russia is hesitant to participate in international discussions on restricting robots. Such talks will continue this year. The U.S. Department of Defense’s "Five-year policy on autonomous weapons" is also planned to be reassessed in 2017. This means that Trump and Putin are likely to eventually decide how autonomous weapons systems will be transferred from the laboratory to the battlefield.
Mary Wareham, the communications director of Human Rights Watch’s weapons division and the global coordinator of the "Stop Killer Robotics" campaign, said: "Some people worry that human life and death will be determined by machines. This seems to be unacceptable to most people." Human Rights Watch stated in its 2012 report that a fully autonomous lethal armed machine may not even be in compliance with existing international law. They may not be smart enough to recognize the difference between combatants and civilians.
In the report, for example, a frightened mother may chase her two children and demand loudly that they stop playing toy guns near soldiers. The human soldier can identify the mother’s fears and confirm that the children are playing games and realize that their intentions are harmless. However, fully autonomous weapons may only see someone running, and two people hold weapons in their hands. For the former, it will exercise restraint, and the latter may immediately launch an attack.
These autonomous weapons may also be inconsistent with other requirements of international law: these machines decide whether to launch an attack entirely from the military interest, and do not care whether it poses a potential danger to civilians or even use force if necessary. They may also lack human constraints and sympathies, which can restrain the troops from doing inhumane things. The report warned that "the robot without feelings may become a tool for the autocratic dictator to fight dissidents without worrying that his army will be turned."
But some experts say that autonomous robots undergo rigorous development and proper testing may help protect the safety of civilians in high-risk situations. And they may avoid making human mistakes and they will not endanger unarmed onlookers. "Their actions may be more conservative than humans and take more risks," said Ronald Arkin, associate director of research and space planning at the Computer College, Georgia, and director of the mobile robotics laboratory. They will not show fear, frustration, anger, or cause people to judge wrong emotions."
Alkin opposed the complete ban on robots, although he admitted that they should be carefully supervised. He said that these robots should not be deployed into combat until they have been proven to always adhere to international law and are doing better than the human army. Alkin also said: "If we completely banned this technology, then we also lost the potential to help non-combatants and reduce non-combatants' casualties."
Alkin pointed out that robot developers should avoid programming techniques, such as certain forms of machine learning, which can lead to decision-making processes that humans cannot easily enter. He said: "If these systems will be used, supervision is the key. Robots should enter the battlefield in a graded and controlled manner, rather than rushing to random deployment."
What kind of regulatory form will be adopted for robots is likely to be decided in the next few years. The Department of Defense’s policy (officially under the directive of the Ministry of National Defense No. 3000.09) will be revisited this year: If it is not reissued or "re-certified" on the fifth anniversary of its signing in November, its validity period will automatically be extended by five years. It is unclear how President Trump and Secretary of Defense James Mattis will choose and a Pentagon spokesman declined to comment on the potential changes in the policy.
However, in December last year, the current US Chief of Staff, Steven Groves, said that the United States is unlikely to support the ban on autonomous weapons, which is conducive to maintaining the military advantage of the US military. At the Heritage Foundation's 2015 conference, he said: "The Congress should finance the research and development of autonomous technologies. The ability of deadly autonomous weapons systems to improve the nation's national security has not yet been fully explored. It is not in the United States interest to prohibit or suspend such research."
However, Gloyds advocates signing international agreements that dictate when, where, and how to legally use autonomous robots in combat. This can solve many people's concerns, including fear that it will endanger the safety of civilians. An official of the US State Department stated: "The United States is joining the Chemical Weapons Convention and discussing the 'emerging technologies in the deadly autonomous weapon system.' It is not yet known what kind of results these expert seminars will achieve." The "autonomous robot system" studies the importance of Russia, saying that it may "fundamentally change the weapons and equipment of the conventional army." (small)
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