Crystal triodes, diodes, field effect transistors, and resistors and capacitors, etc., are commonly used in electronic circuits. In actual use, they must be assembled into a certain circuit in various ways to work. For a slightly more complicated circuit, no matter how mature, it always needs to be debugged before it can be used. The debugging work is generally complicated and time-consuming, which reduces people's work efficiency. So, how to solve this problem? People have invented integrated circuits through practical exploration.
An integrated circuit is to make one or more mature unit circuits on a semiconductor chip of silicon material, and then take several pins from the chip as a channel for circuit power supply and external signals.
Now let's take an example of an integrated circuit called "LM386", which is an integrated circuit used for audio signal amplification. Its internal structure is shown in Figure 1, and its appearance is small.
It has so many components inside, it only needs to connect positive and negative power supply and input signal output load, it is very convenient and practical.
We encapsulate such an electronic component that is packaged into a unit circuit in a housing and used as a device with certain circuit functions, called an "integrated circuit." The circuit assembled with a separate resistor, capacitor, transistor, etc., corresponding to the integrated circuit, is called a "discrete device circuit", that is, each component in the circuit is individually packaged.
Since the birth of the world's first integrated circuit in 1962, the technology of integrated circuits has become more and more advanced, integrating dozens of components from one chip to integrating hundreds of thousands and millions of components (most of them) It is a transistor), and its application in practice is more and more extensive. Every development of integrated technology has brought about an advancement in electronic technology. Especially in terms of computers, from the evolution of hundreds of square meters of old-fashioned computers to personal computers that can be placed on the table, integrated circuits have made great contributions.
Integrated circuits have many advantages over discrete device circuits. First of all, since the manufacturing processes of the circuits in the integrated circuit are the same, there is generally no debugging problem when designing the products after the setting. This greatly facilitates the application of people; in addition, because the integrated circuit packs a large number of components in a small one, the overall cost is reduced, and it is cheaper than the circuit with the same function assembled by the discrete device. Moreover, electronic and electrical appliances manufactured by integrated circuits have fewer solder joints, and the possibility of failure is much smaller. The connection of internal components is short, and the degree of circuit operation can be greatly improved. When the integrated circuit fails, the replacement is also very convenient.
Due to the various advantages of integrated circuits, it has been widely used in various electronic fields, and has slowly occupied many "terrestrial" of discrete devices. Nowadays, in all kinds of electrical appliances, there are integrated circuits everywhere - radios, tape recorders, color TVs, fully automatic washing machines, electronic watches and so on. It can be said that our life is completely inseparable from integrated circuits.
(1) Representation of integrated circuits
Integrated circuits are usually represented in the circuit by the letters "IC". Since the form of an integrated circuit is ever-changing, it has no fixed circuit symbol. Usually, a box, a triangle or a circle is used to represent it. Several pins are drawn from above and the pin number is indicated to represent the pin of the integrated circuit. For some commonly used integrated circuits, such as some audio amplifier circuits, people have certain habits, and there are some conventions. In order to facilitate the drawing, the circuit symbol of some integrated circuits is its outline drawing, such as a music integrated circuit.
(2) Classification of integrated circuits
The type of integrated circuit is difficult to describe. We often classify integrated circuits according to their integration, use, and manufacturing process. The degree of integration of an integrated circuit usually refers to how many components it integrates on a single chip. The more integrated components, the higher the integration. According to the level of integration, it is divided into small-scale integrated circuits (with dozens of components inside), medium-scale integrated circuits (with hundreds of components inside), large-scale integrated circuits (with thousands of components inside) ) and VLSI (with tens of thousands of components inside) and so on.
The integrated circuit is divided into two types: "analog integrated circuit" and "digital integrated circuit". The analog integrated circuit processes the analog signal, and the digital integrated circuit processes the digital signal. Of course, in some cases, it can be flexibly mastered and mixed. .
The integrated circuit control process is divided into a membrane integrated circuit, a semiconductor integrated circuit, and a hybrid integrated circuit. The film integrated circuit can be further divided into a thick film circuit and a thin film circuit according to the thickness of the film; the semiconductor integrated circuit is manufactured by a planar process, and most of the integrated circuits currently used in large quantities are semiconductor integrated circuits; the process adopted by the hybrid integrated circuit can be It is a film process, a semiconductor planar process, and even the use of discrete devices. This type of integrated circuit performs better, but at a higher price.
The semiconductor integrated circuit is currently the most widely used, and its internal integration is a basic element commonly used in ordinary circuits such as a transistor, a crystal diode, a resistor, and a capacitor. Semiconductor integrated circuits can be classified into bipolar and unipolar types depending on the components used in the internal fabrication. The bipolar semiconductor integrated circuit uses a bipolar transistor, so it has a fast working speed and a high operating frequency, but its manufacturing process is complicated, the power consumption is large, and the price is high; the unipolar type The transistor in the internal circuit of the semiconductor integrated circuit uses a field effect transistor. Due to its structural characteristics, it is easy to realize large-scale integration, consumes power and is cheap, but it works relatively slowly.
The unipolar integrated circuit internal circuit is mainly composed of various circuits composed of MOS transistors. According to the channel type of the MOS transistor used inside an integrated block, the integrated circuit can be classified into an N-channel MOS integrated circuit and a P-channel MOS integrated circuit, which are simply referred to as "NMOS" integrated circuits and "PMOS" integrated circuits. Circuit. There is also a hybrid MOS circuit that uses both NMOS and PMOS in one block, referred to as a "CMOS" circuit. Among these three, CMOS circuits are the most commonly used. The reader needs to pay attention to: Because the input impedance of the CMOS circuit is high, 'so it is easy to be broken by the electrostatic induction voltage. When soldering, it is better to ground the soldering iron head, or unplug the plug, and use the residual heat for welding. Also be careful when storing, do not approach some materials that are prone to static electricity, and it is best to store them in metal boxes if conditions permit.
An integrated circuit is to make one or more mature unit circuits on a semiconductor chip of silicon material, and then take several pins from the chip as a channel for circuit power supply and external signals.
Now let's take an example of an integrated circuit called "LM386", which is an integrated circuit used for audio signal amplification. Its internal structure is shown in Figure 1, and its appearance is small.
It has so many components inside, it only needs to connect positive and negative power supply and input signal output load, it is very convenient and practical.
We encapsulate such an electronic component that is packaged into a unit circuit in a housing and used as a device with certain circuit functions, called an "integrated circuit." The circuit assembled with a separate resistor, capacitor, transistor, etc., corresponding to the integrated circuit, is called a "discrete device circuit", that is, each component in the circuit is individually packaged.
Since the birth of the world's first integrated circuit in 1962, the technology of integrated circuits has become more and more advanced, integrating dozens of components from one chip to integrating hundreds of thousands and millions of components (most of them) It is a transistor), and its application in practice is more and more extensive. Every development of integrated technology has brought about an advancement in electronic technology. Especially in terms of computers, from the evolution of hundreds of square meters of old-fashioned computers to personal computers that can be placed on the table, integrated circuits have made great contributions.
Integrated circuits have many advantages over discrete device circuits. First of all, since the manufacturing processes of the circuits in the integrated circuit are the same, there is generally no debugging problem when designing the products after the setting. This greatly facilitates the application of people; in addition, because the integrated circuit packs a large number of components in a small one, the overall cost is reduced, and it is cheaper than the circuit with the same function assembled by the discrete device. Moreover, electronic and electrical appliances manufactured by integrated circuits have fewer solder joints, and the possibility of failure is much smaller. The connection of internal components is short, and the degree of circuit operation can be greatly improved. When the integrated circuit fails, the replacement is also very convenient.
Due to the various advantages of integrated circuits, it has been widely used in various electronic fields, and has slowly occupied many "terrestrial" of discrete devices. Nowadays, in all kinds of electrical appliances, there are integrated circuits everywhere - radios, tape recorders, color TVs, fully automatic washing machines, electronic watches and so on. It can be said that our life is completely inseparable from integrated circuits.
(1) Representation of integrated circuits
Integrated circuits are usually represented in the circuit by the letters "IC". Since the form of an integrated circuit is ever-changing, it has no fixed circuit symbol. Usually, a box, a triangle or a circle is used to represent it. Several pins are drawn from above and the pin number is indicated to represent the pin of the integrated circuit. For some commonly used integrated circuits, such as some audio amplifier circuits, people have certain habits, and there are some conventions. In order to facilitate the drawing, the circuit symbol of some integrated circuits is its outline drawing, such as a music integrated circuit.
(2) Classification of integrated circuits
The type of integrated circuit is difficult to describe. We often classify integrated circuits according to their integration, use, and manufacturing process. The degree of integration of an integrated circuit usually refers to how many components it integrates on a single chip. The more integrated components, the higher the integration. According to the level of integration, it is divided into small-scale integrated circuits (with dozens of components inside), medium-scale integrated circuits (with hundreds of components inside), large-scale integrated circuits (with thousands of components inside) ) and VLSI (with tens of thousands of components inside) and so on.
The integrated circuit is divided into two types: "analog integrated circuit" and "digital integrated circuit". The analog integrated circuit processes the analog signal, and the digital integrated circuit processes the digital signal. Of course, in some cases, it can be flexibly mastered and mixed. .
The integrated circuit control process is divided into a membrane integrated circuit, a semiconductor integrated circuit, and a hybrid integrated circuit. The film integrated circuit can be further divided into a thick film circuit and a thin film circuit according to the thickness of the film; the semiconductor integrated circuit is manufactured by a planar process, and most of the integrated circuits currently used in large quantities are semiconductor integrated circuits; the process adopted by the hybrid integrated circuit can be It is a film process, a semiconductor planar process, and even the use of discrete devices. This type of integrated circuit performs better, but at a higher price.
The semiconductor integrated circuit is currently the most widely used, and its internal integration is a basic element commonly used in ordinary circuits such as a transistor, a crystal diode, a resistor, and a capacitor. Semiconductor integrated circuits can be classified into bipolar and unipolar types depending on the components used in the internal fabrication. The bipolar semiconductor integrated circuit uses a bipolar transistor, so it has a fast working speed and a high operating frequency, but its manufacturing process is complicated, the power consumption is large, and the price is high; the unipolar type The transistor in the internal circuit of the semiconductor integrated circuit uses a field effect transistor. Due to its structural characteristics, it is easy to realize large-scale integration, consumes power and is cheap, but it works relatively slowly.
The unipolar integrated circuit internal circuit is mainly composed of various circuits composed of MOS transistors. According to the channel type of the MOS transistor used inside an integrated block, the integrated circuit can be classified into an N-channel MOS integrated circuit and a P-channel MOS integrated circuit, which are simply referred to as "NMOS" integrated circuits and "PMOS" integrated circuits. Circuit. There is also a hybrid MOS circuit that uses both NMOS and PMOS in one block, referred to as a "CMOS" circuit. Among these three, CMOS circuits are the most commonly used. The reader needs to pay attention to: Because the input impedance of the CMOS circuit is high, 'so it is easy to be broken by the electrostatic induction voltage. When soldering, it is better to ground the soldering iron head, or unplug the plug, and use the residual heat for welding. Also be careful when storing, do not approach some materials that are prone to static electricity, and it is best to store them in metal boxes if conditions permit.
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