In 2017, the application of 5G technology has been known to the public. Anyone who drives autopilot, personal AI assistant, telemedicine, etc. will be realized because of the breakthrough of 5G technology. What is the difference between 5G and 4G technology? This has to start with wired and wireless transmission.
As the name implies, wired transmission means transmitting data through the physical medium, while wireless transmission transmits signals to the base station through electromagnetic waves, and then to the telecommunications system provider's computer room for transmission. In terms of wired transmission, the maximum speed of a single fiber can reach 26Tbps, which is almost 10,000 times faster than the traditional network speed. Therefore, the painstaking efforts of the countries in the world to break the speed limit of wireless transmission.
Figure 1: New network integrating IoT
In addition to the common electromagnetic wave transmission, Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) is also used in recent years. It is a visible light wireless communication (VLC) technology equivalent to Wi-Fi, which can transmit data by using light-emitting diode (LED) light bulbs. In addition to providing lighting and wireless networking, electromagnetic interference can also be avoided.
However, in the mainstream of wireless transmission technology research, electromagnetic wave transmission is still the main, and the frequency range plays an important role. Its formula principle is also very simple - the lower the frequency (such as special low frequency VLF, 3-30KHz), speed The slower, the longer its wavelength (long wave, 1,000Km-100Km), the wider transmission range, the main application is long-distance communication.
Vice versa, the higher the frequency (to high-frequency EHF, 30-300 GHz), the faster the speed, the shorter the wavelength (millimeter wave, 10 mm-1 mm), and the shorter the propagation range.
At present, the 4G frequency band used by Chunghwa Telecom includes four frequency bands of 900, 1800, 2100 and 2600MHz. Taiwan's Big Brother supports two frequency bands of 700 and 1800, while the remote transmission supports three frequency bands of 700, 1800 and 2600. Most of Taiwan's mainstream telecom operators use ultra-high frequency (UHF, 0.3-3GHz) technology. All in all, Taiwan is currently based on the use of high frequency, large bandwidth, and fast frequency bands.
While the current fifth-generation mobile communication system (5G) standard is expected to be set in mid-2018, the Next GeneraTIon Mobile Networks Alliance has previously defined the requirements for 5G networks: 10 Mbps data. The transmission rate supports tens of thousands of users; the data transmission rate of 1 Gbps is simultaneously provided to many people working in the same building, etc.; hundreds of thousands of concurrent connections are supported to support the deployment of large-scale sensor networks. Become the goal of the major telecommunications system providers.
Where is 5G amazing?
Figure 2: Schematic diagram of 5G features (Source: IEEE Computer Society)
5G is not simply a speed increase, it also has many features: including millimeter wave , MIMO (MulTIple-Input MulTIple-Output), beamforming, D2D and so on. The so-called millimeter wave is also the high frequency mentioned above, but why didn't we use faster high frequencies in the past? It is because the high frequency used to be used in the military for the past, and there are cost considerations.
What is the cost consideration? If the frequency of the electromagnetic wave is higher, the wavelength will be longer, and the diffractive ability of the electromagnetic wave will be worse. Just like satellite communication and GPS navigation, there are certain requirements for the transmission direction. Therefore, the telecommunication system system has to build more. The base station to transmit the signal, the cost will follow the rise. For example, if a 4G base station can cover a range, a 5G base station would have to be installed with 6-8 base stations.
In order to solve this problem, most telecom operators will use microcells to replace the large base stations in the past, and the cost can also be reduced. This will also raise some doubts. If so many base stations are set up, will it not? Will it cause more radiation pollution?
This can be illustrated by a simple simulation: in a room, with a high-powered heater, or a few low-power heaters? The answer is of course the latter, because the latter's coverage is good, the heat is not concentrated in a certain area, but is relatively scattered, and the speed is fast, and the power impact is smaller.
And what about MIMO? The answer is to install "more antennas." Why can I accommodate more antennas in my smart phone? This is because when the frequency is higher, the wavelength is shorter and the antenna is shortened. Most of the older brothers in the past have a long antenna, but today it is not common, not because they are no longer needed, but rather embedded in the entire phone.
The millimeter wave used in the 5G era, the antenna can be reduced again. Therefore, in addition to being able to plug more antennas into the mobile phone, more antennas can be placed in the micro base station. The more windows that receive and transmit signals, the greater the processing speed can be achieved. Out."
Control the transmission direction of electromagnetic wavesThen there is the beamforming with high technology threshold. The transmission of electromagnetic waves generally uses four scattered and broadcast signals to transmit signals. However, we usually only need to transmit the signals in a certain direction, and most of the electromagnetic wave energy is greatly wasted.
The beamforming can control the RF signal, so that the electromagnetic wave on the base station can be aimed at the object (smartphone) it provides, and then change direction. Through this service of accurately transmitting signals, the number of services at the base station can be greatly improved.
Figure 3: Multi-antenna MIMO schematic (Source: Rick Janse Kok MBA)
The last 5G feature, Device to Device, means that when 5G technology is used in the future, it is no longer necessary to transfer signals through the base station, so that two neighboring wireless devices can establish direct connection (Device-to -Device Link) to communicate, greatly reducing the resources used by the base station.
5G is realized in lifeAnd when can I see the 5G implementation in daily life? At present, some 5G technologies have begun to be tested. For example, AT&T and Verizon in the United States are testing 5G broadband fixed networks for homes and businesses; while South Korean telecom operators hope to bring 5G networks in place in the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics; Telecomcomers around the world are expected to begin offering 5G mobile services by 2020.
In November 2017, US telecom operator Verizon also announced that it will launch the industry's first commercial 5G fixed wireless access broadband network service in California in the second half of 2018, and expand the market before the end of the year. In addition, Verizon announced that it will work with Swedish telecom equipment manufacturer Ericsson, which will become the network equipment supplier for commercial fixed wireless access 5G services in 2018.
At present, various telecom operators are conducting test calibration of various models, including the establishment of the network and the electromagnetic wave frequency band used. It is foreseeable that 5G will be a new wave of battlefields, and the winning technologies and solutions will become the industry standard. Can lead in the new generation.
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